Solar cell stack

ABSTRACT

A solar cell stack, having a first semiconductor solar cell having a p-n junction made of a first material with a first lattice constant, and a second semiconductor solar cell having a p-n junction made of a second material with a second lattice constant, and the first lattice constant being at least 0.008 Å smaller than the second lattice constant, and a metamorphic buffer, the metamorphic buffer being formed between the first semiconductor solar cell and the second semiconductor solar cell, and the metamorphic buffer including a series of three layers, and the lattice constant increasing in a series in the direction of the semiconductor solar cell, and the lattice constants of the layers of the metamorphic buffer being bigger than the first lattice constant, two layers of the buffer having a doping, and the difference in the dopant concentration between the two layers being greater than 4E17 cm −3 .

This nonprovisional application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(a) to European Patent Application No.14003768.0, which was filed in Germany on Nov. 10, 2014, and which is herein incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to a solar cell stack.

2. Description of the Background Art

To achieve preferably high efficiencies for converting sunlight into electrical energy using solar cells, multijunction solar cells made of different semiconductor materials have been studied for a number of years now [W. Guter, Optimierung von III-V basierten Hochleistungssolarzellen (Optimizing III-V-based high-efficiency solar cells), Dissertation, University of Constance, Department of Physics, 2011]. Multijunction solar cells distribute the incident light to multiple solar subcells which are stacked on top of each other and have different bandgap energies. To achieve the highest efficiencies, the semiconductor materials and their bandgap energy must be adapted to each other, so that each of the electrically series-connected solar subcells preferably generates the same current.

If the semiconductor materials of the individual subcells of the stack have the same lattice constant, the subcells may be manufactured using an epitactical method. A lattice-matched 4-junction solar cell made of AlInGaP, InGaAs, InGaNAs and Ge is known from Meusel et al., III-V MULTIJUNCTION SOLAR CELLS—FROM CURRENT SPACE AND TERRESTRIAL PRODUCTS TO MODERN CELL ARCHITECTURES, 5th WCPEC, 2010, Valencia, 1AP.1.5. Only inadequate efficiencies are achieved, in particular by the InGaNAs subcell, due to the crystal quality.

If the subcells have different lattice constants, metamorphic buffer layers are inserted between two subcells in a first alternative. A series of subcells made of AlInGaP, AlInGaAs, InGaAs, a metamorphic buffer and Ge is known from Guter et al., DEVELOPMENT/QUALIFICATION AND PRODUCTION OF SPACE SOLAR CELLS WITH 30% EOL EFFICIENCY, European Space Power Conference, 2014, Noordwijkerhout, The Netherlands. Furthermore, another series of subcells made of InGaP/GaAs and having a first metamorphic buffer, a first InGaAs subcell and a second metamorphic buffer and a second InGaAs subcell is known from Cornfeld et al., Development of a four subcell inverted metamorphic multijunction (IMM) highly efficient AMO solar cell, 35th IEEE PVSC, 2010, Honolulu, USA.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a device which refines the prior art.

According to an exemplary embodiment of the invention, a solar cell stack is provided, comprising a first semiconductor solar cell, the first semiconductor solar cell having a p-n junction made of a first material with a first lattice constant, and a second semiconductor solar cell, the second semiconductor solar cell having a p-n junction made of a second material with a second lattice constant, and the first lattice constant being at least 0.008 Å smaller than the second lattice constant, and a metamorphic buffer, the metamorphic buffer being formed between the first semiconductor solar cell and the second semiconductor solar cell, and the metamorphic buffer including a series of three layers, and the lattice constant increasing in the series in the direction of the semiconductor solar cell, and the lattice constants of the layers of the metamorphic buffer being bigger than the first lattice constant, two layers of the buffer having a doping, and the difference in the dopant concentration between the two layers being greater than 4E17 cm⁻³.

For reasons of clarity, let it be noted that the first semiconductor solar cell has a smaller lattice constant, compared to the second semiconductor solar cell. In the discussion below, the term subcell can also be used synonymously for the term semiconductor solar cell. It can be understood that the subcell having the greatest bandgap energy can be provided on the side of the solar cell stack facing the sun. In the discussion below, the term “stack-shaped integrated multijunction solar cell” can also be used synonymously for the term “solar cell stack.”

After the light passes through the semiconductor solar cell having the greatest bandgap energy, the unabsorbed light, i.e., the longer-wave range, strikes the semiconductor solar cell having the lesser bandgap energy. If a carrier substrate for the solar cell stack is present, the carrier substrate is always connected to the subcell having the least bandgap energy. It should be noted that the two semiconductor solar cells are together monolithically integrated.

In the present case, the term dopant concentration can be understood to be the mean value of the dopants in the particular layer of the buffer.

An advantage is that the solar cell stack according to the invention has a high efficiency, in that two solar cells having different lattice constants are stacked on top of each other with the aid of a metamorphic buffer. Studies have shown that a doping in the area of the buffer significantly reduces the number of dislocations, i.e., the doped layers of the metamorphic buffer become harder. With the aid of a high-quality metamorphic buffer, i.e., suppressing the propagation of dislocations of the buffer into the surrounding active regions, it is possible to select the bandgap energy in such a way that the total efficiency of the solar cell stack according to the invention is increased, compared to a stack of lattice-matched solar cells.

In an embodiment, at least one layer of the metamorphic buffer can have a fourth lattice constant, the fourth lattice constant being bigger than the lattice constant of the second semiconductor solar cell. The lattice constant in the layers of the metamorphic buffer increases layer by layer by at least 0.003 Å in the direction of the second semiconductor solar cell.

In an embodiment, in two directly consecutive layers, the two layers can have a different concentration of dopants in the metamorphic buffer.

In embodiment, in two directly consecutive layers of the buffer, the difference in the concentration of the dopants can be greater than a factor of 5, preferably greater than a factor of 7, preferably no greater than a factor of 10. It can be understood that the layers of the metamorphic buffer can have either an n-doping or a p-doping.

In the metamorphic buffer, Zn and/or C and/or Mg and/or Be is/are preferably provided as the p-dopants, and Si and/or Te and/or Se is/are preferably provided as the n-dopants. The concentration of the dopants within the particular layer of the metamorphic buffer can be essentially constant, preferably constant.

In another embodiment, the metamorphic buffer can include more than three layers; the buffer can include at least five layers, preferably a maximum of at least six layers.

In an embodiment, two layers of the metamorphic buffer can have the same concentration of dopants. The two layers can be integrally connected to each other.

In an embodiment, the concentration of dopants first increases from layer to layer and subsequently decreases in a series of multiple layers of the metamorphic buffer. It is advantageous if the concentration of the dopants within the metamorphic buffer layers does not exceed 1E19 cm⁻³, preferably a maximum of 0.5E19 cm⁻³.

It can be understood that the metamorphic buffer layers are not part of a p-n junction of a tunnel diode.

In an embodiment, Ge or GaAs can be provided as the substrate layer, the first semiconductor solar cell and/or the second semiconductor solar cell being made of the materials Ge and/or GaAs and/or InGaAs and/or InGaP.

In an embodiment, all solar cells of the stack can be monolithically integrated, and/or an optical rear view mirror can be formed. It is understood that the optical rear view mirror can be disposed beneath the semiconductor solar cell having the least bandgap energy. It is preferred to form the optical rear view mirror from a metal. With the aid of the rear view mirror, the unabsorbed photons may be reflected back into the semiconductor solar cell having the least bandgap energy, and the optical path may be enlarged.

Further scope of applicability of the present invention will become apparent from the detailed description given hereinafter. However, it should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the invention, are given by way of illustration only, since various changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention will become more fully understood from the detailed description given hereinbelow and the accompanying drawings which are given by way of illustration only, and thus, are not limitive of the present invention, and wherein:

FIG. 1a shows an embodiment of a metamorphic buffer in connection with a two-junction semiconductor solar cell;

FIG. 1b shows the progression of the lattice constant for the two-junction semiconductor solar cell illustrated in FIG. 1 a;

FIG. 1c shows the progression of the doping for the first specific embodiment of the buffer illustrated in FIG. 1 a;

FIG. 2a shows an embodiment of the metamorphic buffer;

FIG. 2b shows the progression of the doping for the second specific embodiment of the metamorphic buffer illustrated in FIG. 2 a;

FIG. 2c shows the progression of the hardness for the second specific embodiment of the buffer illustrated in FIG. 2 a;

FIG. 3a shows an embodiment of the metamorphic buffer;

FIG. 3b shows the progression of the doping for the third specific embodiment of the metamorphic buffer illustrated in FIG. 3a ; and

FIG. 3c shows an alternative progression of the doping for the third specific embodiment of the buffer illustrated in FIG. 3 a.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The illustration in FIG. 1 shows a solar cell stack 10, which comprises a first semiconductor solar cell 20 and a second semiconductor solar cell 30 and a metamorphic buffer 40 formed between semiconductor solar cell 20 and a second semiconductor solar cell 30.

First semiconductor solar cell 20 has a p-n junction made of a first material, which has a first lattice constant a1 and a first bandgap energy Eg1. Second semiconductor solar cell 30 has a p-n junction made of a second material, which has a second lattice constant a2 and a second bandgap energy Eg2. Second lattice constant a2 is bigger than first lattice constant al. The solar radiation enters through second semiconductor solar cell 30 and subsequently penetrates the buffer, after which it strikes first semiconductor solar cell 20. In one specific embodiment, which is not shown, the solar radiation enters through first semiconductor solar cell 20 and subsequently penetrates the buffer, after which it strikes second semiconductor solar cell 30.

In the present case, buffer 40 includes a series of five layers 41, 42, 43, 44 and 45, first layer 41 of buffer 40 being disposed between first semiconductor solar cell 20 and second layer 42 of buffer 40, and third layer 43 of buffer 40 being disposed between second layer 42 of buffer 40 and fourth layer 44 of buffer 40, and fourth layer 44 of buffer 40 being disposed between third layer 43 of buffer 40 and fifth layer 45 of buffer 40, and fifth layer 45 of buffer 40 being disposed between fourth layer 44 of buffer 40 and second semiconductor solar cell 30. In one specific embodiment, which is not shown, metamorphic buffer 40 includes six or more layers. In another specific embodiment, which is also not shown, buffer 40 includes three or four layers.

The illustration in FIG. 1b show the progression of lattice constant A in unit A for the solar cell stack of the two-junction semiconductor solar cell 10 illustrated in FIG. 1a . Only the differences from the specific embodiment show in the illustration in FIG. 1 are explained below. First semiconductor solar cell 20 has first lattice constant 1 a, first lattice constant 1 a being constant for entire first semiconductor solar cell 20.

At the transition from first semiconductor solar cell 20 to first layer 41 of buffer 40, lattice constant A jumps to a lattice constant ap1 of first layer 41, lattice constant ap1 of first layer 41 being bigger than lattice constant a1 of firs semiconductor solar cell 20.

At the transition from first layer 41 to second layer 42, lattice constant A jumps to a lattice constant ap2 of second layer 42, which is bigger than lattice constant ap1 of first layer 41, lattice constant A increasing by at least 0.003 Å in each case from layer to layer of buffer 40.

At the transition from second layer 42 to third layer 43, lattice constant A jumps to a lattice constant ap3 of third layer 43, which is bigger than lattice constant ap2 of second layer 42.

At the transition from third layer 43 to fourth layer 44, lattice constant A jumps to a lattice constant ap4 of fourth layer 44, which is bigger than lattice constant ap3 of third layer 43.

At the transition from fourth layer 44 to fifth layer 45, lattice constant A jumps to a lattice constant ap5 of fifth layer 45, which is smaller than lattice constant ap4 of fourth layer 44, lattice constant ap5 of fifth layer 45 being the same size as second lattice constant a2 of second semiconductor solar cell 30. In that the lattice constant of fourth layer 44 is the biggest within buffer 40 and, in particular, is bigger than second lattice constant a2, a high relaxation of the buffer is achieved. Lattice constant a1 of first semiconductor solar cell 20 is also at least 0.008 Å smaller than lattice constant a2 of second semiconductor solar cell 30.

The illustration in FIG. 1 c shows the progression of a doping D in unit N/cm⁻³ for the layers of metamorphic buffer 40 illustrated in FIG. 1a . Only the differences from the specific embodiment shown in the illustrations in FIGS. 1a and 1b are explained below. It should be noted that, upon a change in doping D between the layers of the buffer, the difference in concentration is at least greater than 4E17 N/cm⁻³.

Based on a first low concentration or an intrinsic concentration of dopants dp1 in first layer 41 of buffer 40, at the transition from first layer 41 to second layer 42, doping D jumps to a doping dp2 of second layer 42, which is higher than doping dp1 of first layer 41.

At the transition from second layer 42 to third layer 43, doping D jumps to a doping d3 of third layer 43, which is higher than doping dp2 of second layer 42

At the transition from third layer 43 to fourth layer 44, doping D jumps to a doping d4 of fourth layer 44, which is higher than doping dp3 of third layer 43. Hereafter, doping d5 of fifth layer 45 remains at the level of fourth layer 44. In other words, there is no difference in the concentration of the dopants between fourth layer 44 and fifth layer 45, and dp4=dp5.

The illustration in FIG. 2a shows a second specific embodiment of metamorphic buffer 40. Only the differences from the preceding specific embodiments are explained below. Once again, buffer 40 includes a total of five layers 41, 42, 43, 44 and 45.

The illustration in FIG. 2b shows the progression of doping D for the second specific embodiment of metamorphic buffer 40 illustrated in FIG. 2a . Only the differences from the preceding embodiments are explained below. Doping D increases in jumps of 1E16 N/cm³<ΔD<5e17 N/cm³ from one layer of buffer 40 to a subsequent layer of buffer 40, up to and including fourth layer 44. However, dopings dp4 and dp5 for the last two layers 44 and 45 of buffer 40 then remain constant.

The illustration in FIG. 2c shows the progression of hardness H for the second specific embodiment of buffer 40 illustrated in FIG. 2a . Hardness H increases in jumps from first layer 41 to second layer 42, and from second layer 42 to third layer 43, and from third layer 43 to fourth layer 44 of buffer 40, hardness H remaining constant for the last two layers 44 and 45 of buffer 40.

The illustration in FIG. 3a shows a third specific embodiment of metamorphic buffer 40. Only the differences from the preceding embodiments are explained below. In the present case, fourth layer 44 and fifth layer 45 each have a thicker design than the other layers of buffer 40.

The illustration in FIG. 3b shows the progression of doping D for the third specific embodiment of the metamorphic buffer illustrated in FIG. 3a . Only the differences from the preceding embodiments are explained below. Doping D increases in jumps of 1E16 N/cm³<ΔD<5e16 N/cm³ from one layer of buffer 40 to a subsequent layer of buffer 40, up to and including third layer 43. The doping jumps to a greater concentration by at least five times the concentration of the dopant in layer 43, from third layer 43 to fourth layer 44, and the doping increases by a factor of at least 10 from third layer 43 to doping dp4 of fourth layer 44.

The illustration in FIG. 3c shows the progression of alternative doping D for the third specific embodiment of the metamorphic buffer illustrated in FIG. 3a . Only the differences from the preceding embodiments are explained below. Doping D is at a constant low or intrinsic level from first layer 41 up to and including third layer 43, and jumps to a greater concentration by at least 1E18 N/cm⁻³ from third layer 43 to forth layer 44.

The invention being thus described, it will be obvious that the same may be varied in many ways. Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the spirit and scope of the invention, and all such modifications as would be obvious to one skilled in the art are to be included within the scope of the following claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A solar cell stack comprising: a first semiconductor solar cell having a p-n junction made of a first material which has a first lattice constant; a second semiconductor solar cell having a p-n junction made of a second material which has a second lattice constant, the first lattice constant being at least 0.008 Å smaller than the second lattice constant; a metamorphic buffer formed between the first semiconductor solar cell and the second semiconductor solar cell, the metamorphic buffer including a series of at least three layers, and the lattice constant increasing in a direction of the second semiconductor solar cell, wherein the lattice constants of the layers of the metamorphic buffer are larger than the first lattice constant, and wherein two layers of the buffer have a doping, a difference in a dopant concentration (N/cm⁻³) between the layers being greater than 4E17 cm⁻³.
 2. The solar cell stack according to claim 1, wherein one layer of the metamorphic buffer has a fourth lattice constant, and the fourth lattice constant is larger than a lattice constant of the second semiconductor solar cell.
 3. The solar cell stack according to claim 1, wherein the lattice constant of the metamorphic buffer increases layer by layer by at least 0.003 Å in a direction of the second semiconductor solar cell.
 4. The solar cell stack according to claim 1, wherein, in two directly consecutive layers of the metamorphic buffer, the two layers have a different concentration of dopants.
 5. The solar cell stack according to claim 1, wherein, in two directly consecutive layers of the buffer, a difference in the concentration of the dopants is greater than a factor of five.
 6. The solar cell stack according to claim 1, wherein the layers of the metamorphic buffer have an n-doping or a p-doping.
 7. The solar cell stack according to claim 1, wherein, in the metamorphic buffer, Zn and/or C and/or Mg and/or Be is/are provided as the p-dopants, and Si and/or Te and/or Se is/are provided as the n-dopants.
 8. The solar cell stack according to claim 1, wherein the concentration of the dopants within the particular layer of the metamorphic buffer is constant.
 9. The solar cell stack according to claim 1, wherein the metamorphic buffer includes more than five layers.
 10. The solar cell stack according to claim 1, wherein two layers of the metamorphic buffer have the same concentration of dopants.
 11. The solar cell stack according to claim 1, wherein the concentration of the dopants first increases from layer to layer and subsequently decreases in series of multiple layers of the metamorphic buffer.
 12. The solar cell stack according to claim 1, wherein the metamorphic buffer layers are not part of a p-n junction of a tunnel diode.
 13. The solar cell stack according to claim 1, wherein the concentration of the dopants within the metamorphic buffer layers does not exceed 1E19 cm⁻³.
 14. The solar cell stack according to claim 1, wherein Ge or GaAs is provided as a substrate layer, and wherein the first semiconductor solar cell and/or the second semiconductor solar cell is made of the materials Ge and/or GaAs and/or InGaAs and/or InGaP.
 15. The solar cell stack according to claim 1, wherein all semiconductor solar cells are monolithically integrated, and/or an optical rear-view mirror is formed. 